Distinguished Members.—Saints: Ignatius Loyola; Francis Xavier; Francis Borgia; Stanislaus Kostka; Aloysius Gonzaga; Alphonsus Rodriguez; John Berchmans; John Francis Regis; Peter Claver; Francis de Geronimo, and Paul Miki, John Goto, James Kisai, Japanese martyrs (1597).
Blessed.—The blessed number 91; among them are Peter Faber; Peter Canisius; Anthony Baldinucci; the martyrs Andrew Bobola; John de Britto (aq. v.)3 Bernardino Realini; Ignatius de Azevedo Gh we) and companions (known as the Forty Martyrs of Brazil), viz. Didacus de Andrada (priest); Antonio Snares; Benedictus a Castro; Francisco Magalhaes; Joao Fernandes; Luiz Correa; Manoel Rodrigues; Simon Lopes; Manoel Fernandes; Alvaro Mendes; Pedro Nunhes; Andreas Gongalves; Juan a S. Martino (scholastics) ; Gonzalvo Henriques; Didaco Pires; Ferdinand Sancies; Francisco Pérez Godoi; Antonio Correa; Manoel Pacheco; Nicolas Diniz; Alexius Delgado; Marco Caldeira; Sanjoannes (scholastic novices); Manoel Alvares; Francisco Alvares; Domingos Fernandes; Gaspar Alvares: Amarus Vaz; Juan de Majorga; Alfonso de Vaena “Antonio Fernandes; Stefano Zuriare; Pedro Fontoura; Gregorio Scrivano; Juan de Zafra; Juan de Baeza; Blasio Ribeiro; Joao F ernandes; Simon Acosta (lay brothers); the Japanese martyrs: John Baptist Machado, 1617; Sebastian Chimura, 1622; Camillo Costanzo, 1622; Charles Spinola, 1622; Paul Navarro, 1622; Jerome de Angelis, 1623; Didacus Carvalho, 1624; Michael Carvalho, 1624; Francisco Pacheco and his companions Baltasar de Torres and Giovanni Battista Zola, 1626; Thomas Tzugi, 1627; Anthony Ixida, 1632 (priests); Augustine Ota, 1622 ; Gonzalvus Fusai and his companions, Anthony Chiuni, Peter Sampo, Michael Xumpo, Louis Cavara, John Chingocu, Thomas Acafoxi, 1622; Denis Fugixima and Peter Onizuchi (companions of Bl. Paul Navarro), 1622; Simon Jempo (companion of Bl. Jerome de Angelis), 1623; Vincent Caun and his companions: Peter Rinxei, Paul Chinsuche, John Chinsaco; Michael Tozò, 1626; Michael Nacaxima, 1628 (scholastics) ; Leonard Chimura, 1619; Ambrosio Fernandes, 1620; Gaspar Sandamatzu (companion of Bl. Francis Pacheco, 1626), lay brothers; the English martyrs: Thomas Woodhouse, 1573; and John Nelson, Edmund Campion, Alexander Briant (qq. v.); Thomas Cottam, 1582 (priests) ; the martyrs of Cuncolim (q. v.): Rudolph Acquaviva; Alfonso Pacheco; Pietro Berno; Antonio Francisco (priests); and Francisco Aranha, 1583 (lay brother); the Hungarian martyrs: Melchior Grodecz and Stephen Pongracz, 7 Sept., 1619.
Venerables.—The venerables number fifty and include, besides those whose biographies have been given separately (see Index vol.), Claude de La Colombiére (1641-82), Apostle of the devotion to the Sacred Heart; Nicholas Lancicius (1574-1653), author of “Gloria [Ignatiana” and many spiritual works, and, with Orlandini, of ‘Historia Societatis Jesu’; Julien Maunoir (1606-83), Apostle of Brittany.
Though the Jesuits, in accordance with their rules, do not accept ecclesiastical dignities, the popes at times have raised some of their numbers to the rank of cardinal, as Cardinals Bellarmine, Franzelin, de Lugo, Mai, Mazzella, Odescalchi, Pallavicino, Pázmány, Tarquini, Toledo, Tolomei (qq. v.); also Cardinals Casimir V, King of Poland, created 1647; Alvaro Cienfuegos (1657-1739), created 1720; Johann Eberhard Nidhard (1607-81), created 1675; Giambattista Salerno (1670-1729), created 1709; Andreas Steinhuber (1825-1907), created 1893; and Louis Billot (b. 1846), created 27 Nov., 1911.
As reference is made in most of the articles on members of the Society to Sommervogel’s monumental “Bibliothéque de la Compagnie de Jésus” a brief account of its author is given here. Carlos, fourth son of Marie-Maximilien-Joseph Sommervogel and Hortense Blanchard, was born on 8 Jan., 1834, at Strasburg, Alsace, and died in Paris on 4 May, 1902. After studying at the lycée of Strasburg, Carlos entered the Jesuit novitiate at Issenheim, Alsace, 2 Feb., 1853, and was sent later to Saint-Acheul, Amiens, to complete his literary studies. In 1856 he was appointed assistant prefect of discipline and sub-librarian in the College of the Immaculate Conception, Rue Vaugirard, Paris. Here he discovered his literary vocation. The “Bibliothéque” of PP. Augustin and Aloys de Backer was then in course of publication, and Sommervogel, noting in it occasional errors and omissions, made a systematic examination of the whole work. Four years later P. Aug. de Backer, seeing his list of addenda and errata, a MS. of 800 pages containing over 10,009 entries, obtained leave to make use of it. Sommervogel continued at Rue Vaugirard till 1865, reviewing his course of philosophy meanwhile. He then studied theology at Amiens, where he was ordained in Sept., 1866. From 1867 till 1879 he was on the staff of the “Etudes”, being managing editor from 1871 till 1879. During the Franco-German War he served as chaplain in Faidherbe’s army, and was decorated in 1871 with a bronze medal for his self-sacrifice.
P. de Backer in the revised edition of his ‘ Bibliothéque” (1869-76) gave Sommervogel’s name as co-author, and deservedly, for the vast improvement in the work was in no small measure due to the latter’s contributions. From 1880 till 1882 P. Sommervogel was assistant to his father provincial. Before 1882 he had never had any special opportunity of pursuing his favourite study; all his bibliographical work had been done in his spare moments. In 1884 he published his “Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes publiés par des religieux de la Compagnie de Jésus”. In 1885 he was appointed successor to the PP. de Backer and went to Louvain. He determined to recast and enlarge their work and after five years issued the first volume of the first part (Brussels and Paris, 1890); by 1900 the ninth volume had appeared; the tenth, an index of the first nine, which comprised the bibliographical part of the “Bibliothéque” was unfinished at the time of his death but has since been completed by P. Bliard, with a biographical notice by P. Brucker, from which these details had been drawn. P. Sommervogel had intended to compile a second, or historical, part of his work, which was to be a revision of Carayon’s “Bibliographie historique’. He was a man of exemplary virtue, giving freely to all the fruit of his devoted labours and content to lead for years a busy obscure life to which duty called him, until his superiors directed him to devote himself to his favourite study during the last fifteen years of his life. He re-edited a number of works by old writers of the Society and, in addition to his articles in the “ Etudes”, wrote: ‘“ Table méthodique des Mémoires de Trévoux” (3 vols., Paris, 1864-5); “ Bibliotheca Mariana de la Comp. de Jésus” (Paris, 1885); “Moniteur bibliographique de la Comp. de Jésus” (Paris, 1894-1901).
Menologies, BIOGRAPHIES.—ALEGAMBE, Mortes illustres et gesta eorum de Soc. Jesu qui in odium fidei necati sunt (Rome, 1657); Idem, Heroes et victims charitatis (Rome, 1658); Drews, Fasti Soc. Jesu (Braunsberg, 1728); CHANDLERY, Fasti breviores Soc. Jesu (London, 1910); Gitilhekmy, Ménologe de la comp. de J.: Portugal (Paris, 1867) ; France (Paris, 1892) ; Italie (Paris, 1893); Germanie (Paris, 1898); Macirop, Menol. for the English Assistancy (London); Boéro, Menologio (Rome, 1859); SrocEerR, Historiographie Soc. Jesu (Ratisbon, 1851); Nieremberg, Claros varones de la comp. de J. (Madrid, 1643); Patrignani, Menol. d’alcuni religiosi della comp. di G. (Venice, 1730); TANNER, Soc. Jesu apostolorum imitatrix (Prague, 1694); Ippm, Soc. Jesu usque ad mortem militans (Prague, 1675); THOELEN, Menol. der deutschen Ordensproving (Roermond, 1901). Bibliographies of particular persons, on a larger scale than can be given here, will be found under the separate articles devoted to them. (See also Index volume.) The best-arranged historical bibliography is that of Carayon, Bibliographie de la compagnie de Jésus (Paris, 1864). See also Southwell, Bibl. scriptorum Soc. Jesus (Rome) ; DE BACKER, Bibliotheque des écriv. de la comp. de Jésus (Liége, 1853); Sommervogel, Bibl. des escriv. de la comp. de Jésus (10 vols., Brussels, 1890-1910); Hurter, Nomenclator literarius (Innsbruck, 1892-9) ; De vptace, Acta S. Sedis in causa Soc. Jesu (Florence, 1887-95) ; Hamy, Iconographie de la comp. de Jesus (Paris, 1875); Idem, Galerie illustrée de la comp. de J. (8 vols., Paris, 1893); pp UrtARTE, Catdl. razonado de obras de autores de la comp. de Jesus (Madrid, 1904). Jesuit Prrropicats.— Mémoires de Trévoux (Trevoux and Paris, 1701-67, 265 vols.), Table méthodique, by SOMMERVOGEL (3 vols., Paris, 1864-65); Civilta cattolica (Rome, 1850); Etudes hist., litt., et relig. (Paris, 1854) ;—began as Etudes de théol., intermittent, 1880-8; Table générale, 1888-1900 (Paris, 1901); Précis historiques (Brussels, 1852), Tables, 1862-72 (Brussels, 1894), in 1899 it became the Missions belges; The Month (London, 1864), Index (1864-1908); Stimmen aus Maria-Laach (Freiburg, 1871), began as Die Encyclika (1864). In connexion with this is issued a series of Ergdnzungshefte. Also Register I, 1871-86; Register IT, 1886-99; Studien (Utrecht, 1868); Rev. des questions historiques (Brussels, 1877); Przeglad powszechny (General Review, Cracow) ; Zeitsch, fur kath, Theol. (Innsbruck, 1876); Razon y Fe (Madrid, 1901). Besides the above, which deal with topics of all sorts, there are a host of minor periodicals devoted to special subjects; scientific, liturgical, social, college, mission, and parochial magazines are more numerous still. The Messenger of the Sacred Heart has editions for many countries and in numerous languages. It is the organ of the Apostleship of Prayer; most of these editions are edited by members of the Society; America (New York, 1909). (See also Bollandists; Ratio Studiorum; Retreats; Spiritual EXERCISES OF SAINT IGNATIUS; THEATRE.)
J. H. Pollen.